Rodeo (pronounced /ˈroʊdiː.oʊ/ or /roʊˈdeɪ.oʊ/) is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain Spain /ˈspeɪn/ (Spanish: España, pronounced [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), or the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north by France,, Mexico The United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos ), commonly known as Mexico (English: /ˈmɛksɪkoʊ/) (Spanish: México (help·info) [ˈmexiko]), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize,, and later the United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the, Canada Canada is a country occupying most of upper North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area and shares the world's longest common border with the United States to the south and northwest, South America South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the and Australia Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the mainland, which is both the world's smallest continent and the world's largest island, the island of Tasmania, and numerous other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 It is the only area of land simultaneously considered a continent,. It was based on the skills required of the working vaqueros and later, cowboys A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century became a figure of special significance and legend. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle, in what today is the western United States, western Canada, and northern Mexico. Today it is a sporting event that consists of events that involve horses The horse is a hoofed (ungulate) mammal, a subspecies of one of seven extant species of the family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began to domesticate horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been and other livestock Livestock is the term used to refer to a domesticated animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce things such as food or fiber, or for its labor. The term as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning of 'livestock' is common, designed to test the skill and speed of the human cowboy A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century became a figure of special significance and legend. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle and cowgirl A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century became a figure of special significance and legend. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle athletes who participate. Professional rodeos generally comprises the following events: tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding and barrel racing. The events are divided into two basic catergories: the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other events such as breakaway roping, goat tying, or pole bending Pole bending is timed event that features a horse and one mounted rider, running a weaving or serpentine path around six poles arranged in a line. This event is usually seen in high school rodeos and 4-H events as well as American Quarter Horse Association, local National Barrel Horse Association shows, Paint and Appaloosa sanctioned shows as well may also be a part of some rodeos.

Rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta Alberta is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1, 1905 and throughout the western United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the, is the official state sport of Wyoming The State of Wyoming ( /waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ ) is a state in the Western United States. The majority of the state is dominated by the mountain ranges and rangelands of the Rocky Mountain West, while the easternmost section of the state includes part of a high altitude prairie region known as the High Plains. While the tenth largest U.S. state by size, and Texas Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ ) is a state in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State. It is bordered by Mexico to the south, New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, with an area of 268,820 square miles (696, and the iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal and state registered trademark of the State of Wyoming.^[1] The Legislature The Legislative Assembly of Alberta is one of two components of the Legislature of Alberta, the other being the Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta. The Alberta legislature meets in the Alberta Legislature Building in the provincial capital, Edmonton. The Legislative Assembly consists of 83 members elected first past the post from single-member of Alberta Alberta is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1, 1905 has considered making rodeo the official sport of that province, however, enabling legislation has yet to be passed.^[2]

In North America, professional rodeos are governed and sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association The Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association is an organization whose members compete in rodeos throughout North America, primarily in the United States. The PRCA sanctions rodeo venues and events through the PRCA Circuit System. Its championship event is the Wrangler National Finals Rodeo. The PRCA is headquartered in Colorado Springs, CO (PRCA) and Women’s Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA), while other associations govern children's, high school, collegiate, and senior rodeos. Associations also exist for Native Americans, and other minority groups. The traditional season for competitive rodeo runs from spring through fall. The traditional peak time for the largest number of rodeos is the July 4th July 4 is the 185th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 180 days remaining until the end of the year. Aphelion, the point in the year when the Earth is farthest from the Sun, occurs around this date weekend. The modern professional rodeo circuit runs longer, and concludes with the PRCA Wrangler National Finals Rodeo The National Finals Rodeo, organized by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, is the premier championship rodeo event in the United States. Wrangler Jeans is the title sponsor for the 10-day event, commonly just called the National Finals or NFR, which is also sometimes referred to as the World Series of Rodeo and the Super Bowl of Rodeo (NFR) in Las Vegas Las Vegas is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally renowned major resort city for gambling, shopping, fine dining, and entertainment. Las Vegas, which bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, is famous for the number of casino resorts and associated entertainment. A, Nevada Nevada ( /nəˈvæːdə/ ) is a state located in the western region of the United States. The capital is Carson City, Nevada and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is the "Silver State," due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. In 1864, Nevada became the 36th state to enter the which is now held in December.

Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights Critics argue that animals are unable to enter into a social contract or make moral choices, and therefore cannot be regarded as possessors of rights, a position summed up by the philosopher Roger Scruton, who writes that only human beings have duties, and that, "[the] corollary is inescapable: we alone have rights." A parallel argument and animal welfare Systematic concern for the well-being of other animals probably arose in the Indus Valley Civilization as the religious ancestors return in animal form, and that animals must therefore be killed with the respect due to a human. This belief is exemplified in the existing religion, Jainism, and in varieties of other Indian religions. Other religions, advocates, who argue that various competitions constitute animal cruelty Cruelty to animals refers to the infliction of suffering or harm to animals, other than humans, as an end in and of itself. However, it has also been defined as causing harm for specific gain such as killing animals for food or fur use. The American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However rodeo is opposed by a number of animal welfare organizations in the United States and Canada, and some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeo or certain rodeo events, or types of equipment. Internationally, it is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.^[3] With other European nations placing restrictions on certain practices.

Etymology

The American English word "rodeo" is taken directly from Spanish Spanish , sometimes called Castilian (castellano), is a Romance language that originated in northern Spain, and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile and evolved into the principal language of government and trade. It was taken most notably to the Americas, and also to Africa and Asia Pacific with the expansion of the Spanish Empire between "rodeo" ([roˈðe.o]). The most common English translation is "round up."^[4]

The Spanish word is derived from the verb rodear, meaning "to surround" or "go around," used to refer to "a pen for cattle at a fair or market," derived from the Latin Latin is an Italic language historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe. Romance languages such as Italian, French, Catalan, Romanian, Spanish, and Portuguese are descended from Latin, while many others, especially European languages, including rota or rotare, meaning to rotate or go around. ^[5][6]

In Spanish America, the rodeo was the vaqueros' procedure for gathering up cattle for various purposes such as moving them to new pastures, separating the cattle owned by different ranchers, or gathering in preparation for slaughter (matanza). The term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo, and it is this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada.^[7]

The term rodeo was first used in English approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up, but today primarily refers to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event.^[8]

History of rodeo

Many rodeo events were based on the real life tasks required by cattle ranching. The working cowboy A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century became a figure of special significance and legend. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and had many regional variations. However, the skills required to manage cattle and horses date back even farther, to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero.

Early rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys and vaqueros testing their work skills against one another.^[9][10] Following the American Civil War The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the, Early rodeo competitions emerged with the first held in Cheyenne, Wyoming Cheyenne is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County. It is the principal city of the Cheyenne, Wyoming Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Laramie County. The population was 53,011 at the 2000 census. Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive and fast-growing Front in 1872,^[10] but Prescott, Arizona Prescott is a city in Yavapai County, Arizona, USA. Local inhabitants prefer to pronounce the name PRES-kit in a way that rhymes with "biscuit." claims the distinction of holding the first professional rodeo when it charged admission and awarded trophies in 1888.^[11] Between 1890 and 1910, rodeo became a public entertainment, sometimes combined Wild West Shows Wild West Shows were traveling vaudeville performances in the United States and Europe. The first and prototypical wild west show was Buffalo Bill's, formed in 1883 and lasting until 1913. The shows introduced many western performers and personalities, and a romanticized version of the American Old West, to a wide audience featuring individuals such as Buffalo Bill Cody William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody was an American soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was born in the Iowa Territory (now the American state of Iowa), near Le Claire. He was one of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, and mostly famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes. Buffalo Bill received the Medal of, Annie Oakley Annie Oakley was an American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter. Oakley's amazing talent and timely rise to fame led to a starring role in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, which propelled her to become the first American female superstar, and other charismatic stars.^[10] By 1910, several major rodeos were established in western North America, including the Calgary Stampede The Calgary Stampede, which bills itself as The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth, is a large festival, exhibition, and rodeo held in Calgary, Alberta for 10 days every summer from early to mid-July, attracting more than 1.2 million visitors. It is one of Canada's largest annual events, and the world's largest outdoor rodeo. It features an, the Pendleton Round-Up The Pendleton Round-Up is a rodeo held in Pendleton, Oregon, United States, during the second full week of September each year, since 1910. The rodeo brings roughly 50,000 people every year to the city of Pendleton. The Pendleton Round-Up is a member of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, and the Cheyenne Frontier Days Cheyenne Frontier Days, held annually since 1897, in Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA, claims to be one of the largest outdoor rodeo and western celebration in the world. The event, which occurs during 10 days centered around the last full week in July, draws an estimated 300,000 people to the area every year. Lodging fills up quickly during the peak.

Rodeo-type events also became popular for a time in the big cities of the Eastern United States, with venues such as Madison Square Garden Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG and known colloquially as The Garden, has been the name of four arenas in New York City. It is also the name of the entity which owns the arena and several of the professional sports franchises which play there. There have been four incarnations of the arena. The first two were located at the playing a part in popularizing them. There was no attempt to standardize the events needed to make up rodeo competition until 1929, when associations began forming. In the 1970s, rodeo saw unprecedented growth. Contestants referred to as "the new breed" brought rodeo increasing media attention. These contestants were young, often from an urban background, and chose rodeo for its athletic rewards. By 1985, one third of PRCA members had a college education and one half of the competitors had never worked on a cattle ranch.^[12] Today, professional rodeos are staged in large, air conditioned arenas, offer large purses, and are often telecast.

Women

Historically, women have long participated in rodeo. "Prairie Rose" Henderson debuted at the Cheyenne rodeo in 1901, and, by 1920, women were competing in rough stock events, relay races and trick riding. But when Bonnie McCarrol died in the Pendleton Round-Up in 1929 and Marie Gibson died in a horse wreck in 1933, women's competitive participation was curbed.^[13] Eventually, rodeo women organized into various associations and staged their own rodeos. Today, women's barrel racing is included as a competitive event in professional rodeo, with breakaway roping and goat tying added a collegiate and lower levels. Women also compete in traditional roping and rough stock events at women-only rodeos, and compete equally with men in team roping.

Competitive Events

Professional rodeos in the United States and Canada usually incorporate both timed events and "rough stock" events, most commonly calf roping Calf roping, also known as tie-down roping, is a rodeo event that features a calf and a rider mounted on a horse. The goal of this timed event is for the rider to catch the calf by throwing a loop of rope from a lariat around its neck, dismount from the horse, run to the calf, and restrain it by tying three legs together, in as short a time as, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc and bareback bronc riding Bronc riding, either saddle bronc or bareback bronc competition, is a rodeo event that involves a rodeo participant riding on a horse , that attempts to throw or buck off the rider. Originally based on the necessary horse breaking skills of a working cowboy, the event is now a highly stylized competition that utilizes horses that often are, bull riding Bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a rider getting on a large bull and attempting to stay mounted for at least 8 seconds while the animal attempts to buck off the rider. The rider tightly fastens one hand to the bull with a long braided rope. It is a risky sport and has been called "the most dangerous eight seconds in sports.", and barrel racing Barrel racing is a rodeo event in which a horse and rider attempt to complete a pattern around preset barrels in the fastest time. Though both girls and boys compete at the youth level and men compete in some amateur venues, in collegiate and professional ranks, it is primarily a rodeo event for women. It combines the horse's athletic ability and. Additional events may be included at the collegiate and high school level, including breakaway roping Breakaway roping is a rodeo event that features a calf and one mounted cowgirl/cowboy. The calves are moved through narrow pathways leading to a chute with spring-loaded doors. A 10-foot rope is fastened around the calf's neck which is used to ensure that the calf gets a head start. On one side of the chute will be the breakaway roper who will and goat tying Goat tying is a fast-paced rodeo event that is typically seen in junior, high school and college rodeos. The object is to race to the end of the rodeo arena to where a goat is staked out on a 10' rope . Contestants dismount their horse while it is sliding to a stop or running, and race to the staked-out goat, which must be flipped to its side, in. Some events are based on traditional ranch practices, others are modern inventions and have no counterpart in ranch practice.

Rodeos may also offer western-themed entertainment at intermission, including music and novelty acts such as trick riding.

Timed events

Roping

Roping competitions are based on the real-life tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult cattle for branding, medical treatment and other purposes. A type of rope with a loop, known as a lariat, riata, or lasso, is thrown over the head of a calf or onto the horns and around the hind legs of adult cattle, and the animal is secured in a fashion dictated by its size and age.

• Calf Roping Calf roping, also known as tie-down roping, is a rodeo event that features a calf and a rider mounted on a horse. The goal of this timed event is for the rider to catch the calf by throwing a loop of rope from a lariat around its neck, dismount from the horse, run to the calf, and restrain it by tying three legs together, in as short a time as, also called Tie-down roping, is based on ranch work in which calves are roped for branding, medical treatment, or other purposes. It is the oldest of rodeo's timed events.^[14] A running calf Calves are the young of domestic cattle. Calves are reared to become adult cattle, or are killed for their meat, called veal is roped around the neck by a lariat, the horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts, runs to the calf, throws it to the ground and ties three feet together. (If the calf falls when roped, the cowboy must lose time waiting for the calf to get back to its feet so that the cowboy can do the work. The job of the horse is to hold the calf steady on the rope, and a well-trained calf roping horse will very slowly back up while the cowboy ties the calf, to help keep the lariat snug.
• Breakaway roping - a form of calf roping where a very short lariat is used, tied lightly to the saddle horn with string and a flag. When the calf is roped about the neck, the horse stops, the flagged rope breaks free of the saddle, and the calf runs on without being thrown or tied. In most of the United States, this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12, while in some nations and states where traditional "tie-down" calf roping is not allowed, riders of both genders compete.
• Team roping, also called "heading and heeling," is the only rodeo event where men and women riders compete together. Two people capture and restrain a full-grown steer. One horse and rider, the "header," lassos a running steer's horns, while the other horse and rider, the "heeler," lassos the steer's two hind legs. Once the animal is captured, the riders face each other and lightly pull the steer between them, so that it loses its balance and lays over, thus in the real world allowing restraint for treatment.

Other timed events

• Barrel racing - is a timed speed and agility event. In barrel racing, horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels, making agile turns without knocking the barrels over.^[15] In professional, collegiate and high school rodeo, barrel racing is an exclusively women's sport, though men and boys occasionally compete at local O-Mok-See competition.

• Steer wrestling - Also known as "Bulldogging," is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a Corriente steer and 'wrestles' it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns. This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy, who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer, or of having the thrown steer land on top of him, sometimes horns first.
• Goat tying is usually an event for women or pre-teen girls and boys; a goat is staked out while a mounted rider runs to the goat, dismounts, grabs the goat, throws it to the ground and ties it in the same manner as a calf. The horse must not come into contact with the goat or its tether. This event was designed to teach smaller or younger riders the basics of calf roping without the more complex need to also rope the animal. This event is not part of professional rodeo competition.

"Rough Stock" competition

In spite of popular myth, most modern "broncs" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses or horses bred specifically as bucking stock. Rough stock events also use at least two well-trained riding horses ridden by "pick up men" (or women), tasked with assisting fallen riders and helping successful riders get safely off the bucking animal.

• Bronc riding - there are two divisions in rodeo, bareback bronc riding, where the rider is only allowed to hang onto a bucking horse with a type of surcingle called a "rigging," and saddle bronc riding, where the rider is allowed a specialized western saddle without a horn (for safety) and hangs onto a heavy lead rope, called a bronc rein, which is attached to a halter on the horse.
• Bull riding - an event where the cowboys ride full-grown bulls instead of horses. Although skills and equipment similar to those needed for bareback bronc riding are required, the event differs considerably from horse riding competition due to the danger involved. Because bulls are unpredictable and may attack a fallen rider, Rodeo clowns, now known as Bullfighters, work during bull riding competition to help prevent injury to competitors.

Less common events

Several other events may be scheduled on a rodeo program depending upon the rodeo's governing association.

• Steer roping - Not an official PRCA event,^[16] but quietly recognized in some areas, is rarely seen in the United States today because of the tremendous risk of injury to all involved, as well as animal cruelty concerns. A single roper ropes the steer around the horns, throws the rope around the steer's back hip, dallies, and rides in a ninety degree angle to the roped steer (opposite side from the forementioned hip). This action brings the head around toward the legs in such a manner as to redirect the steer's head towards its back legs. This causes the steer to "trip". Steers are too big to tie in the manner used for calves, and absent a "heeler," it is very difficult for one person to restrain a grown steer once down. However, the fall caused by the "trip" causes the steer to temporarily be incapacitated and can then be tied as in calf roping. The event has roots in ranch practices north of the Rio Grande, but is not practiced at the majority of American rodeos. However, it is sometimes still seen at rodeos in Mexico, sometimes also referred to as "steer tripping."
• Steer daubing—Usually seen at lower levels of competition, an event to help young competitors learn skills later needed for steer wrestling. A rider carrying a long stick with a paint-filled dauber at the end attempts to run up alongside a steer and place a mark of paint inside a circle that has been drawn on the side of the animal.^[17]
• Pole bending, is a speed and agility competition sometimes seen at local and high school rodeos, though is more commonly viewed as a gymkhana or O-Mok-See competition. In pole bending, the horse and rider run the length of a line of six upright poles, turn sharply and weave through the poles, turn again and weave back, then return to the start.

Other activities

Outside of competitive events, there are other activities often associated with rodeos, particularly at local levels. A typical rodeo begins with a "Grand Entry" where mounted riders, many carrying flags, including the American flag, state flags, banners representing sponsors, and others enter the arena at a gallop, circle once, come to the center of the arena and stop while the remaining participants enter. The grand entry is used to introduce some of the competitors, officials, and sponsors and is capped by the presentation of the American flag, usually with a rendition of "the Star-Spangled Banner," and, depending on region, other ceremonies.^[18] If a rodeo queen is crowned, the contestants or winner and runners-up may also be presented.

Variety acts which may include musicians, trick riders or other entertainment may occur halfway through the rodeo at intermission. Some rodeos may also include novelty events such as steer riding for preteens or "mutton busting" for small children. In some places, various types of novelty races or events such as wild cow milking are offered for adults, though such contests often are unregulated with a higher risk of injury to human participants and poor treatment of animals than in traditionally-sanctioned events, particularly if consumption of alcoholic beverages by participants is permitted.

Governing Organizations in the United States

Formal organizations and detailed rules came late to rodeo. Until the mid-1930’s, every rodeo was independent and selected its own events from among nearly one hundred different contests. Until World War I, there was little difference between rodeo and Charreada, and athletes from the US, Mexico and Canada competed freely in all three countries. Subsequently, Charreada was formalized as an amateur team sport and the international competitions ceased, although it remains popular in Mexico and the Hispanic communities of the U.S. today.^[19]

Numerous organizations govern rodeo in the United States today, each with slightly different rules and different events. ^[20] The oldest and largest sanctioning body of professional rodeo is the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) which governs about a third of all rodeos staged in the US annually. It was originally named the Cowboys Turtle Association, later became the Rodeo Cowboys Association, and finally the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association in 1975.^[10] The PRCA crowns the World Champions at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR), in Las Vegas, Nevada, featuring the top fifteen money-winners in seven events.

The Professional Bull Riders (PBR) is a more recent organization dedicated solely to bull riding. Rodeo gender bias was a problem for cowgirls and in response, women formed the Girls Rodeo Association in 1948 (now the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA)) and held their own rodeos.^[21] The Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA) is open exclusively to women. Women’s barrel racing is governed by the WPRA, which holds finals for barrel racing along with the PRCA with the cowboys at the NFR.^[22] There are associations governing children's, teen, and college level rodeos as well as associations governing rodeo for gays, seniors, Native Americans and others.

There are also high-school rodeos, sponsored by the National High School Rodeo Association (NHSRA). Many colleges, particularly land grant colleges in the west, have rodeo teams. The National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA) is responsible for the College National Finals Rodeo (CNFR) held each June in Casper, WY.^[23] Other rodeo governing bodies in the United States include American Junior Rodeo Association (AJRA) for contestants under twenty years of age; National Little Britches Rodeo Association (NLBRA), for youths ages eight to eighteen; Senior Pro Rodeo (SPR), for people forty years old or over; and the International Gay Rodeo Association. Each organization has its own regulations and its own method of determining champions. Athletes must participate only in rodeos sanctioned by their own governing body or one that has a mutual agreement with theirs. Rodeo committees must pay sanctioning fees to the appropriate governing bodies, and employ the needed stock contractors, judges, announcers, bull fighters, and barrel men from their approved lists. Other nations have similar sanctioning organizations.

Until recently, the most important was PRCA, which crowns the World Champions at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR), held since 1985 at Las Vegas, Nevada, featuring the top fifteen money-winners in seven events. The athletes who have won the most money, including NFR earnings, in each event are the World’s Champions. However, since 1992, Professional Bull Riders, Inc. (PBR) has drawn many top bull riders, and holds its own multi- million dollar finals in Las Vegas prior to the NFR. Women’s barrel racing is governed by the WPRA, and holds its finals along with the PRCA with the cowboys at the NFR.^[24]

Contemporary rodeo is a lucrative business. More than 7,500 cowboys compete for over thirty million dollars at 650 rodeos annually. Women’s barrel racing, sanctioned by the WRPA, has taken place at most of these rodeos. Over 2,000 barrel racers compete for nearly four million dollars annually. Professional cowgirls also compete in bronc and bull riding, team roping and calf roping under the auspices of the PWRA, a WPRA subsidiary. However, numbers are small, about 120 members, and these competitors go largely unnoticed, with only twenty rodeos and seventy individual contests available annually. The total purse at the PWRA National Finals is $50,000.^[25] Meanwhile, the PBR has 700 members from three continents and ten million dollars in prize money. ^[26]

Canada

The first rodeo in Canada was held in 1902 in Raymond, Alberta when Raymond Knight funded and promoted a rodeo contest for bronc riders and steer ropers called the Raymond Stampede. Knight also coined the rodeo term "stampede" and built rodeo's first known shotgun style bucking chute. In 1903, Knight built Canada's first rodeo arena and grandstand and became the first rodeo producer and rodeo stock contractor.^[27]

In 1912, Guy Weadick and several investors put up $100,000 to create what today is the Calgary Stampede. The Stampede also incorporated mythical and historical elements, including Native Americans in full regalia, chuckwagon races, the Mounted Police, and marching bands. From its beginning, the event has been held the second week in July, and since 1938, attendees were urged to dress for the occasion in western hats to add to the event's flavor.^[28]

By 2003, it was estimated that 65 professional rodeos involving 700 members of the Canadian Professional Rodeo Association (CPRA) took place in Western Canada, along with professionals from the United States. Many Canadian contestants were part-timers who did not earn a significant living from rodeo.^[29]

Canadians made several significant contributions to the sport of rodeo. In 1916, at the Bascom Ranch in Welling, Alberta, John W. Bascom and his sons Raymond, Mel, and Earl designed and built rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute for the ranch rodeos they were producing. In 1919, Earl and John made rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute at the Bascom Ranch in Lethbridge, Alberta. This Bascom-style bucking chute is now rodeo's standard design. Earl Bascom also continued his innovative contributions to the sport of rodeo by designing and making rodeo's first hornless bronc saddle in 1922, rodeo's first one-hand bareback rigging in 1924, and the first high-cut rodeo chaps in 1928. Earl and his brother Weldon also produced rodeo's first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights in 1935.

Latin America

Mexico

The charreada is the national sport of Mexico. It is a display and contest of roping and riding with origins tracing to the cattle ranching life and culture of colonial Mexico. Over time, it became an event that included games, parades, foods, and contests involving humans, cattle, and horses. Following the Mexican Revolution of 1910, many rural Mexicans were displaced and took up residence in cities, where urban-based charros and others formed associations to establish and refine the charreada.^[30]

During the "Chicano Movement" of the 1970s, Mexican Americans revitalized their heritage by establishing the event in the United States.^[31] The event historically enjoys greater prestige in Mexico, however, and due to animal cruelty concerns, some charreada events have been banned in the US.^[30]

Unlike rodeos, most charreadas do not award money to the winners as charreada is considered an amateur sport, but trophies may be distributed. Until recently, the charreada was confined to men but a women's precision equestrian event called the escaramuza is now the tenth and final event in a charreada. Unlike American rodeo, events are not timed, but judged and scored based on finesse and grace.^[32]

Argentina

In the twentieth century, rodeo's popularity increased in Argentina. Buenos Aires, Rosario, and other major cities hosted rodeos. In 1909, the Sociedad Sportiva Argentina (Argentina Sports Society) announced a rodeo competition in which the winners would eventually compete in the United States against rodeo performers from other countries.^[33]

Chile

Second to soccer, rodeo is the most popular sport in Chile, and became the national sport of Chile on January 10, 1962 by decree Nº269 of the National Council of Sports and the Comité Olímpico de Chile.^[34]

Chilean rodeo traces to the 16th century, beginning with the gathering together lost or stray cattle in the Plaza de Armas de Santiago for branding and selection.^[35] Rodeo began to see regulation in the 17th century and talented riders received honors and awards.

In Chilean rodeo, a team of two mounted men (called a collera) attempt to pin a calf against large cushions lining the arena (medialuna). Points are earned for proper technique. Chilean Horses are employed to the exclusion of others and riders wear traditional huaso garb as a requirement. The sport has become so popular that in 2004, more spectators attended rodeo events than professional football matches.^[36] Chilean rodeo has experienced financial woes, lack of political support and poor promotion. Unlike others Chilean sports, rodeo does not receive any of the revenue from Chiledeportes because only sports that represent Chile overseas receive funds. The Chilean Rodeo Federation has criticized the lack of governmental funding and has pointed out that rodeo reaches a part of the population that does not have access to other Chilean sports.^[37]

Australia

In 1929, the first modern rodeo was staged in Australia and featured campdrafting, buckjumping (bronc riding), and bullock riding contests.^[38]

Minority participation in North America

Mexican Americans have had a long history with both rodeo and charreada.^[39] In spite of long association with southwestern culture, there has been significant assimilation and cross-acculturation — Mexican Americans are so integrated into the southwestern cowboy culture that they are not visibly distinct.^[40]

Native American and Hispanic cowboys compete in modern rodeos in small numbers. African Americans constitute a smaller minority of rodeo contestants, though many early rodeo champions such as Nat Love were African American. Bill Pickett and bronc rider Bill Stahl were both elected to the Cowboy Hall of Fame. During the 1940s and 1950s, African Americans created the Southwestern Colored Cowboys Association. Although the PRCA never formally excluded people of color, pre-1960s racism effectively kept many minority participants, particularly African Americans, out of white competitions.^[41] In the 1960s, bull rider Myrtis Dightman vied for national honors and qualified for the National Finals Rodeo. In the 1990s, the Black World Championship Rodeo was held in New York City and other locations across the United States.^[41]

In 1976, the first gay rodeo was held in Reno, Nevada as a charity fundraiser. Several regional gay rodeo organizations were formed in the following years, and, in 1985, the existing organizations formed the International Gay Rodeo Association as a national sanctioning body.^[42] The melding of homosexuality and straight cowboy culture in gay rodeo simultaneously embraces archetypal Cowboy Code traits and contemporary gay identity. ^[43] Openly gay competitors stage their own rodeos because they are not welcomed in the straight circuit. "We can ride with the best of them," one person stated, "But they don't want us around."^[43]

Animal treatment controversies

Charges that rodeos are cruel to the animals involved are not new, and some practices justly warranted scrutiny. Protests were first raised regarding rodeo animal cruelty in the 1870s, and, beginning in the 1930s, some states enacted laws curtailing rodeo activities and other events involving animals. In the 1950s, the then Rodeo Cowboys Association (RCA, later the PRCA) worked with the American Humane Association (AHA) to establish regulations protecting the welfare of rodeo animals that were acceptable to both organizations. The PRCA realized that public education regarding rodeo and the welfare of animals was needed to keep the sport alive.^[44]

Over the years, conditions for animals in rodeo and many other sporting events improved. Today, the PRCA and other rodeo sanctioning organizations have stringent regulations to ensure rodeo animals' welfare.^[45] For example, these rules require, among other things, provisions for injured animals, a veterinarian's presence at all rodeos (a similar requirement exists for other equine events), padded flank straps, horn protection for steers, and spurs with dulled, free-spinning rowels. Rodeo competitors in general value and provide excellent care to the animals with which they work.^[46] Animals must also be protected with fleece-lined flank straps for bucking stock and horn wraps for roping steers.^[47]

Laws governing rodeo vary widely. In the American west, some states incorporate the regulations of the PRCA into their statutes as a standard by which to evaluate if animal cruelty has occurred.^[48] On the other hand, some events and practices are restricted or banned in other states, including California, Rhode Island, and Ohio.^[49]St. Petersburg, Florida is the only locality in the United States with a complete ban on rodeo.^[50] Canadian Humane Societies are careful in criticizing Canadian rodeo as the event as become so indigenous to Western Canada that criticism may jeopardize support for the organization's other humane goals. The Calgary Humane Society itself is wary of criticizing the famous Calgary Stampede.^[51] Internationally, Rodeo itself is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.^[52] with other European nations placing restrictions on certain practices.

However, a number of humane and animal rights organizations have policy statements that oppose many rodeo practices, and often the events themselves. Some also claim that regulations vary from vague to ineffective, and are frequently violated.^[53]

In response to these concerns, a number of cities and states, mostly in the eastern half of the United States, have passed ordinances and laws governing rodeo. Pittsburgh, for example, specifically prohibits electric prods or shocking devices, flank or bucking straps, wire tie-downs, and sharpened or fixed spurs or rowels. Pittsburgh also requires humane officers be provided access to any and all areas where animals may go—specifically pens, chutes, and injury pens. The state of Rhode Island has banned tie-down roping and certain other practices.^{[citation needed]}Other locales have similar ordinances and laws. ^[54]

Positions taken by animal welfare organizations

There are three basic areas of concern to various groups. The first set of concerns surround relatively common rodeo practices, such as the use of bucking straps, also known as flank straps,^[55] the use of metal or electric cattle prods, ^[56] and tail-twisting.^[57] The second set of concerns surround non-traditional rodeo events that operate outside the rules of sanctioning organizations. These are usually amateur events such as mutton busting, calf dressing,^[58] wild cow milking, calf riding, chuck wagon races, and other events designed primarily for publicity, half-time entertainment or crowd participation. Finally, some groups consider some or all rodeo events themselves to be cruel.^[59]

Groups such as PETA, SHARK,^[60] and the Humane Society of the United States generally take a position of opposition to all rodeos and rodeo events.^[61] A more general position is taken by the ASPCA, only opposing rodeo events that "involve cruel, painful, stressful and potentially harmful treatment of livestock, not only in performance but also in handling, transport and prodding to perform." The group singles out children’s rodeo events such as goat tying, calf riding and sheep riding (“mutton busting”), "which do not promote humane care and respect for animals."^[62]

The American Humane Association (AHA) does not appear to oppose rodeos per se, though they have a general position on events and contests involving animals, stating that "when animals are involved in entertainment, they must be treated humanely at all times."^[63] The AHA also has strict requirements for the treatment of animals used for rodeo scenes in movies, starting with the rules of the PRCA and adding additional requirements consistent with the association's other policies.^[64]

Unique among animal protection groups, the ASPCA specifically notes that practice sessions are often the location of more severe abuses than competitions.^[62] However, many state animal cruelty laws provide specific exemptions for "training practices." The American Humane Association is the only organization addressing the legislative issue, advocating the strengthening of animal cruelty laws in general, with no exceptions for "training practices."^[65]

Myths and actual modern practice

Some accusations of cruelty are based on misunderstanding. For example, it is a myth that a bucking horse is a wild, terrified animal. The modern bronc is not a truly feral horse. A significant number of bucking horses are riding horses that learned to buck off their riders.^[47] Many bucking horses today are specifically bred for use in rodeos. A proven bucking horse can be sold for $8000 to $10,000, making "rough stock" a valuable investment worth caring for and keeping in good health for many years. Likewise, bucking bulls are also selectively bred. Most are allowed to grow up in a natural, semi-wild condition on the open range, but also have to be trained in order to be managed from the ground, safely loaded into trailers, vaccinated and wormed, and be loaded in and out of bucking chutes.^[66]

Young bucking horses are initially introduced to work with cloth dummies attached to the saddle.^[66] Others are already well-trained on the ground. Some champion bucking horses got their start as spoiled riding horses that learned to quickly and effectively unseat riders.^[67] Due to the rigors of travel and the short bursts of high intensity work required, most horses in a bucking string are at least 6 or 7 years old before they are used extensively, and are expected to be sound performers for many years.^[66] Awards are given to the owners of the best bucking horses, who are respected as equine athletes and perform for many years.^[68] Many are retired to pasture at the end of their careers.^[47] Likewise, some bulls appear to understand that their "job" is to throw the rider and have learned not to buck when in the chute.

Industry position

The PRCA oversees about a third of all rodeos held in the United States. The PRCA opposes animal rights, but supports animal welfare—the view that humans have the right to use animals but are responsible for their humane treatment and care. The PRCA takes the position that the organization does this and even goes beyond expectation.^[69] Not all rodeos are governed by the PRCA however, though organizations governing collegiate and high school rodeos base their rules on those of the PRCA. Nonetheless, certain amateur and "backyard" rodeos are unregulated,^[70] and do not follow PRCA rules.^[71]

Advocates for rodeo state that sick, injured, hungry, or severely abused animals cannot perform well in a given event. Rough stock must be healthy and well fed to give the cowboy a powerful and challenging ride sufficient to obtain a high score. The bucking strap has to be an incentive to an animal that already wants to buck off a rider, not a prod, or the animal will either flee the pain, not buck, quickly sour and refuse to work, regardless of any pain that might be inflicted.^[67] Steers and roping calves will not break from the chute fast enough for ropers to achieve a fast time if they are lame or weak, and they are not generally used for more than a single season.

Health regulations mandate vaccinations and blood testing of animals crossing state lines, so rodeo stock receives routine care. An injured animal will not buck well and hence a cowboy cannot obtain a high score for his ride, so sick or injured animals are not run through the chutes, but instead are given appropriate veterinary care so they can be returned to their usual level of strength and power. PRCA regulations require veterinarians to be available at all rodeos to treat both bucking stock and other animals as needed.^[72]

The PRCA emphasizes that they first promulgated rules for proper and humane treatment of livestock in 1947, a full 7 years before the founding of the Humane Society of the United States.^[67] Participants are fined for animal abuse, and a study of 21 PRCA rodeos found only 15 animals injured in 26,584 performances, a 0.00041 percent rate.^[73]

On the other hand, there are occasions of rule violations and animal mistreatment at sanctioned rodeos. However, the major national rodeos are also under the most intense scrutiny and are the most likely to rigorously follow the rules. Rodeos not subject to the rules of the PRCA or other organizations, and rodeos outside of the United States and Canada, where animal cruelty laws are weaker, are more likely to be the sites of abusive practices. However, animal rights groups are less likely to target these cases.

In mainstream culture

The largest state-of-the-art rodeos are professional, commercial athletic contests held in climate-controlled stadiums, with broadcasting by ESPN and other television networks.

Outside of the rodeo world itself, there is disagreement about exactly what rodeo "is." professional competitors, for example, view rodeo as a sport and call themselves professional athletes while also using the title of cowboy. Fans view rodeo as a spectator sport with animals, having aspects of pageantry and theater unlike other professional sport. Non-westerners view the spectacle as a quaint but exciting remnant of the Wild West while animal activists view rodeo as a cruel Roman circus spectacle, or an Americanized bullfight. ^[74]

Anthropologists studying the sport of rodeo and the culture surrounding it have commented that it is "a blend of both performance and contest", and that rodeo is far more expressive in blending both these aspects than attempting to stand alone on one or the other. Rodeo's performance level permits pageantry and ritual which serve to "revitalize the spirit of the Old West" while its contest level poses a man-animal opposition that articulates the transformation of nature and "dramatizes and perpetuates the conflict between the wild and the tame."^[75]"On its deepest level, rodeo is essentially a ritual addressing itself to the dilemma of man's place in nature."^[76]

Rodeo is a popular topic in country-western music, such as the 1991 Garth Brooks hit single "Rodeo", and has also been featured in numerous movies, television programs and in literature. Rodeo is a ballet score written by Aaron Copland in 1942, and choreographer Agnes de Mille's ballet, Rodeo was commissioned by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in 1942 with the Copeland score.^[43]

Rodeos worldwide

There are thousands of rodeos held worldwide each year.

Rodeo Associations

• Australian Professional Rodeo Association
• All Indian Rodeo Cowboys Association
• Canadian Cowboys Association
• Canadian Professional Rodeo Association
• Cowboy's Professional Rodeo Association
• European Rodeo Cowboy Association
• International Professional Rodeo Association
• National Finals Rodeo (NFR) information
• National High School Rodeo Association (NHSRA)
• National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA)
• National Senior Pro Rodeo Association (NSPRA)
• New Zealand Rodeo Cowboys Association (NZRCA)
• Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA)
• Professional Bull Riders (PBR)
• United States Team Roping Championships
• Women's Professional Rodeo Association
• Working Ranch Cowboys Association (WPRA)

Related sports

• Campdrafting
• Charreada
• Chilean rodeo
• Cutting (sport)
• O-Mok-See or Gymkhana
• Reining
• Team penning

See also

• Buckle bunny
• Chilean rodeo
• Cowboy
• Cowboy church
• Cowboy hat
• Equestrianism
• Indian rodeo
• Ranch
• Rodeo bareback rigging
• Rodeo clown
• Rodeo in mainstream American media
• Western riding

Notes

1. ^ General Wyoming Information, web site accessed July 12, 2007 at http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/wy_symb.htm
2. ^ https://www.getgrowingforbusiness.com/mynews/news-headlines-details.asp?news_id=301869
3. ^ Rodeo: animal abuse for the sake of entertainment, Vancouver Humane Society, accessed April 2, 2009.
4. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary
5. ^ Dictionary.com: rodeo
6. ^ Royal Spanish Academy Online Dictionary: rodeo
7. ^ Matanza: A New Mexico Celebration
8. ^ Definitions and etymology of rodeo, web site accessed June 27, 2007 at http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rodeo
9. ^ Allen, p. 17
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Groves, Melody (2006). Ropes, Reins, and Rawhide: All About Rodeo. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-3822-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=ztGsU7ISp50C&pg=PA3&dq=rodeo+history&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html.
11. ^ Allen, p. 18
12. ^ Allen, p. 32
13. ^ Johnson: 30
14. ^ Curnutt, Jordan (2001). Animals and the Law. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 268–269. ISBN 1-57607-147-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=p2p0MptGeBkC&pg=PA268&dq=Rodeo+events&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html.
15. ^ Broyles, Janell (2006). Barrel Racing. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 4. ISBN 1404205438, 9781404205437. http://books.google.com/books?id=No6tY5STbBIC.
16. ^ " PRCA event descriptions"
17. ^ Strickland, Charlene. Competing in Western Shows & Events. Storey Books, div. Storey Communications, 1998. ISBN 1-58017-031-5
18. ^ Stratton: 53
19. ^ LeCompte,. “Hispanic Roots of American Rodeo, Studies in Latin American Popular Culture”, 13 (Spring 1994): 1-19
20. ^ Wooden. and Earinger. Rodeo, in America, 17-32.
21. ^ Allen, p. 24–25
22. ^ LeCompte. “Rodeo,” in Vol. II of Encyclopedia of World Sport, ed. David Levinson and Karen Christensen, ABC-CLIO, 1996, 813;About Us,"sv http://pbrnow.com/about/PBRInc/, (accessed February 7, 2007).
23. ^ College National Rodeo Finals
24. ^ LeCompte. “Rodeo,” in Vol. II of Encyclopedia of World Sport, ed. David Levinson and Karen Christensen, ABC-CLIO, 1996, 813;About Us,"sv http://pbrnow.com/about/PBRInc/, (accessed February 7, 2007).
25. ^ LeCompte, Encyclopedia of World Sport, 813.
26. ^ pbrnow.com
27. ^ "History of Raymond". Welcome to Raymond, Alberta. http://www.raymond.ca/2ndlevel.php?pg=a07. Retrieved on April 15, 2009.
28. ^ Slatta: 219
29. ^ Armstrong, Susan Jean; Richard George Botzler (2003). The Animal Ethics Reader. Routledge. http://books.google.com/books?id=euDYADfcChoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=rodeo+canada+history&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=BOOKS&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
30. ^ ^{a b} Candelaria, Coredelia (2004). Encyclopeida of Latino Popular Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 126–128.
31. ^ Candelaria: 126ff
32. ^ Candelaria: 126–128
33. ^ Slatta: 145
34. ^ Rodeo chileno: cómo nació nuestro deporte nacional Familia
35. ^ Historia del rodeo chileno. Página oficial de la Federación del Rodeo Chileno
36. ^ Especiales de Emol.com
37. ^ El rodeo y las medialunas
38. ^ Westermeier: 329
39. ^ Candelaria: 126ff
40. ^ Allen: 177
41. ^ ^{a b} Kirsch, George B. (2000). Rodeo. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 390. ISBN 0-313-29911-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=xdV_JV1fbZMC&pg=PA390&dq=rodeo+indians+native+americans&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html. Retrieved on 2009-03-14.
42. ^ "IGRA History". http://www.igra.com/igrahist.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-14.
43. ^ ^{a b c} Allen, Michael (1998). Rodeo Cowboys in the North American Imagination. Reno: University of Nevada Press. pp. 170–173. ISBN 0-87417-315-9.
44. ^ Westermeier: 435ff
45. ^ PRCA Animal welfare
46. ^ Miller, Robert M. and Rick Lamb. (2005) Revolution in Horsemanship Lyons Press ISBN 1-59228-387-X pp. 135-144
47. ^ ^{a b c} Korioth, Tricia I. "Welfare of equids ever-evolving" Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, February 1, 2000. Web site accessed April 6, 2009
48. ^ Section 45-8-211(4)(c), Montana Code Annotated 2008
49. ^ Curnutt:
50. ^ Curnutt:
51. ^ Armstrong, Susan Jean; Richard George Botzler (2003). The Animal Ethics Reader. Routledge. http://books.google.com/books?id=euDYADfcChoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=rodeo+canada+history&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=BOOKS&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
52. ^ Rodeo: animal abuse for the sake of entertainment, Vancouver Humane Society, accessed April 2, 2009.
53. ^ http://www.sharkonline.org/?P=0000000276 is a point-by-point examination of the PRCA's regulations.
54. ^ PETA: Buck the Rodeo
55. ^ SHARK - Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns
56. ^ The Truth about Hot-Shots
57. ^ SHARK - Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns
58. ^ SHARK - Animal Cruelty Investigations and Campaigns
59. ^ Calf roping - The Most Cowardly Rodeo Event
60. ^ SHARK
61. ^ "Statement on Animals in Entertainment and Competition - Rodeo" Humane Society of the United States. Web site accessed June 28, 2007 at http://www.hsus.org/about_us/statements/animals_in_entertainment.html#Rodeos
62. ^ ^{a b} "Animals in Entertainment: 5.4 Rodeo" web site accessed June 27, 2007 at http://www.aspca.org/site/PageServer?pagename=pp_en_rodeo
63. ^ "Events and Contests Involving Animals," American Humane Association Animal Welfare Position Statements. Web document accessed June 28, 2007 at http://www.americanhumane.org/site/DocServer/apsstatements.pdf?docID=101
64. ^ "American Humane Association Guidelines for the Safe Use of Animals in Filmed Media:Roceo Scenes," web document accessed June 27, 2007 at http://www.americanhumane.org/site/DocServer/GuidelinesPDF.pdf?docID=1821
65. ^ "Legislative Brief: Anti-cruelty Laws" web site accessed June 27, 2007 at http://www.americanhumane.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nr_legis_brief_anticruelty
66. ^ ^{a b c} Partian, Chris. "Diamond in the Rough." Western Horseman, July 2007, pp. 132-140
67. ^ ^{a b c} "Is Rodeo Bronc Riding Cruel?" Web article accessed June 28, 2007 at http://www.cowboyway.com/BroncRiding.htm
68. ^ "Rodeo History" Long Rodeo Company. Web site accessed June 28, 2007 at http://www.longcompany.com/history.htm
69. ^ Regan: 150
70. ^ Harris: 199
71. ^ Regan: 150
72. ^ PRCA Animal Welfare rules and discussion, web site accessed February 5, 2008
73. ^ "Welfare of animals integral part of professional rodeos" Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, January 15, 2001. Web page accessed April 6, 2009
74. ^ Allen: 17
75. ^ Lawrence: 271
76. ^ Lawrence: 270–271

References

• Armstrong, Susan Jean; Richard George Botzler (2003). The Animal Ethics Reader. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27588-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=euDYADfcChoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=rodeo+canada+history&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=BOOKS&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
• Curnutt, Jordan (2001). Animals and the Law. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-147-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=p2p0MptGeBkC&pg=PA268&dq=Rodeo+events&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html.
• Evans, J. Warren (1981, 1989). Horses. Macmillan. p. 476. ISBN 0-7167-4255-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=IhWz87RiuGQC&pg=PA476&dq=Rodeo+events&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html.
• Lawrence, Elizabeth Atwood (1982, 1984). Rodeo. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46955-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=f5-kEUi4ENMC&pg=PA203&dq=goat+tying&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html.
• Groves, Melody (2006). Ropes, Reins, and Rawhide: All About Rodeo. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-3822-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=ztGsU7ISp50C&pg=PA3&dq=rodeo+history&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html.
• Harris, Moira C. (2007). Rodeo & Western Riding. Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-7858-2201-1.
• Lawrence, Elizabeth Atwood (1982, 1984). Rodeo. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46955-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=f5-kEUi4ENMC&pg=PA203&dq=goat+tying&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html.
• "Liberal Leader Kevin Taft loses legacy bid to have rodeo declared Alberta's official sport". Get Growing for Business. https://www.getgrowingforbusiness.com/mynews/news-headlines-details.asp?news_id=301869. Retrieved on 2009-04-02.
• PETA Staff. "Buck the Rodeo". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. http://www.bucktherodeo.com/ords.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-01.
• "Rodeo: Animal Abuse for the Sake of Entertainment". Vancouver Humane Society. http://www.vancouverhumanesociety.bc.ca/issues/animals_in_entertainment/rodeo. Retrieved on 2009-04-02.
• Slatta, Richard W. (1990). Cowboys of the Americas. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05671-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=aybuBElBnlgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Argentina+rodeo&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&as_brr=3&as_pt=BOOKS&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
• Strickland, Charlene (1998). Competing in Western Shows & Events. Storey Books. ISBN 1-58017-031-5.
• Westermeier, Clifford P. (1947, 1987). Man, Beast, Dust. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4743-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=xSxgZsh0FhwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Australia+rodeo&lr=lang_en&as_brr=3&as_pt=BOOKS&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
• Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association - "Welfare of animals are integral part of professional rodeos"

External links

• National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum - Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
• Professional Bull Riders (PBR) - 'The Toughest Sport on Earth!'
• Autry National Center - online rodeo photographs from the Gene Autry Collection
• Casey Tibbs Foundation & Rodeo Center - Ft. Pierre, South Dakota
• National Cowgirl Museum & Hall of Fame - Fort Worth, Texas
• San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo - San Antonio, Texas
• Cheyenne Frontier Days - Cheyenne, Wyoming
• Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo - Houston, Texas
• Fort Worth Stock Show & Rodeo - Fort Worth, Texas
• West of the Pecos Rodeo - Pecos, Texas
• San Angelo Roping Fiesta - San Angelo, Texas
• Mesquite Championship Rodeo - Mesquite, Texas
• Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association - Colorado Springs, Colorado
• Texas Rodeo Cowboy Hall of Fame - Walnut Springs, Texas
• Texas Rodeo Hall of Fame - Pecos, Texas
• Ty Murray - King of the Cowboys
• Watch YouTube's "The Basics of Professional Bull Riding" narrated by World Champion Bull Rider Ty Murray
• RodeoAbuse.com - An Inside Look at Animal Cruelty in Ohio Rodeos

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